Psychologists started to consider the relationship between psychotherapy and the personal satisfaction of people with high self-esteem as useful to the field. Self-esteem then took a central role in personal self-actualization and in the treatment of psychic disorders. In the mid-20th century, the rise of phenomenology and humanistic psychology led to renewed interest in self-esteem. As a consequence, clinical trials on self-esteem were overlooked, since behaviorists considered the idea less liable to rigorous measurement. Behaviorism viewed the human being as an animal subject to reinforcements, and suggested placing psychology as an experimental science, similar to chemistry or biology. In the early 20th century, the behaviorist movement minimized introspective study of mental processes, emotions, and feelings, replacing introspection with objective study through experiments on behaviors observed in relation with the environment. In the mid-1960s, social psychologist Morris Rosenberg defined self-esteem as a feeling of self-worth and developed the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES), which became the most-widely used scale to measure self-esteem in the social sciences. This view of self-esteem as the collection of an individual's attitudes toward itself remains today. The material self consists of representations of the body and possessions and the spiritual self of descriptive representations and evaluative dispositions regarding the self. The social self comes closest to self-esteem, comprising all characteristics recognized by others. These are the material self, social self, and spiritual self. The observation about the self and storage of those observations by the I-self creates three types of knowledge, which collectively account for the Me-self, according to James. James identified multiple dimensions of the self, with two levels of hierarchy: processes of knowing (called the "I-self") and the resulting knowledge about the self (the "Me-self"). The identification of self-esteem as a distinct psychological construct has its origins in the work of philosopher, psychologist, geologist, and anthropologist William James (1892). Hume posits that it is important to value and think well of oneself because it serves a motivational function that enables people to explore their full potential. The concept of self-esteem has its origins in the 18th century, first expressed in the writings of the Scottish enlightenment thinker David Hume. 4.2 Real self, ideal self, and dreaded self.Synonyms or near-synonyms of self-esteem include: self-worth, self-regard, self-respect, and self-integrity. Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as an enduring personality characteristic ( trait self-esteem), though normal, short-term variations ( state self-esteem) also exist. Self-esteem can apply to a specific attribute or globally. Self-esteem is an attractive psychological construct because it predicts certain outcomes, such as academic achievement, happiness, satisfaction in marriage and relationships, and criminal behavior. Smith and Mackie (2007) defined it by saying "The self-concept is what we think about the self self-esteem, is the positive or negative evaluations of the self, as in how we feel about it." Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself (for example, "I am loved", "I am worthy") as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. Self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth or abilities.
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